Cladogram for KINDOM ANIMALIA (=Metazoa)
Modified from Tree of Life for Kingdom Animalia (after Ruppert & Barnes 1994 p. 1052).
========================================== Porifera (sponges)
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| =================================== Cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones, corals, etc.)
| |
| | ================================ Ctenophora (comb-jellies)
| | |
| | | ======================== Platyhelminthes (flatworms, tapeworms,etc.)
| | | |
| | | | =(branch uncertain)== Aschelminthes (nematodes, rotifers,etc.)
| | | | |
<<=M=| | | =P==| | ================= Nemertea (ribbon worms)
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | ======== Mollusca (snails, clams, squids, etc.)
| =E==| | | ===| | ======|
| | | | | | | | ======== Sipuncula (peanut worms)
| | | | | =C==| |
| | | | | | | ===== Annelida (segmented worms)
| | | | | ===| ===|
| | | | | | ===| ===== Pogonophora (beard worms, vent worms)
| | ===| | | | |
| | | | ===| ======== Echiura (proboscis worms)
| | | | |
===| | | | ======== Onychophora (velvet worms)
| | | ===|
=B==| ======== Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crabs, etc.)
| |
| ======================== Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
| | |
=D==| ===================== lophophorates (bryozoans, brachiopods, etc.)
| | |
|==| =============== Echinodermata (starfish, urchins, etc.)
| | ===|
===| =============== Hemichordata (acorn worms, pterobranchs)
| |
================== Chordata (sea squirts, vertebrates, etc.)
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= = =(phyla of uncertain affinity)= = = Placozoa, Monoblastozoa, Rhomobozoa, Orthonectida
TRAITS SUPPORTING EACH CLADE (** plesiomorphic- a primitive state, not unique to clade):
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b) radial symmetry** c) monociliated cells** d) radial, indeterminate cleavage e) blastula stage larva f) diplosome** g) type IV collagen b) diploblastic organization c) gastrula stage d) blind gut (no anus) b) cephalization c) triploblastic organization (extensive mesoderm) d) organ-system level of organization e) protonephridia |
b) mesoderm from mesenchyme cells c) fate of first derm cell set at 5th cleavage d) mouth (and sometimes anus) from blastopore e) multiciliated cells f) trochophore-like larva b) coelom via schizocoely c) complete gut (anus present)** b) mesoderm from epithelial cells c) coelom via enterocoely d) blastopore yields anus e) tripartite coelom & body plan f) monociliated cells** |