(hexactinellid sponge)

PHYLUM PORIFERA (= sponges) (tree & traits from Ruppert et. al. 2004, p. 93, Brusca et al. 2016 p. 257; ## see alternative molecular phylogeny below)

(calcareous sponge)

(demosponge)

             ====== Calcarea## (calcareous sponges; includes ascon, sycon & leucon grades)
        ==2==|
        |    ====== Homoscleromorpha (coralline sponges; leucon grade)
<<===1==|
        |    ==4=== Hexactinellida (glass sponges; no regular canal system)
        ==3==|
             ==5=== Demospongia (most living sponge species; leucon grade)

Back to Zool 250 tree for animal phyla

TRAITS SUPPORTING EACH CLADE (** plesiomorphic- a primitive state, not unique to clade):

1: a) adult is sessile b) water canal system with pumping choanocytes** (monociliated cells with diplosome) c) extensive mesenchyme (gelatinous proteinaceous matrix containing skeletal material and amoeboid cells) d) silica spicules, initiated intracellulary e) pinacoderm (epithelium-like outer layer) lacking basal lamina in some groups and intercellular junctions f) dynamic tissue remodelling (reversible differentiation of most cell types) 2: a) calcareous spicules b) porocytes (pore cells) 3: a) silica spicules

4= HEXACTINELLIDA: a) distinctive 6-pointed spicule (hexactine) b) most cells, including collar cells, are part of an extensive syncytium (multinucleate fabric of cells) 5= DEMOSPONGIA: a) spongocytes & spongin fibers b) distinctive 4-pointed spicule (tetraxon) c) porocytes (pore cells)

## PARAPHYLETIC PORIFERA? (alternative molecular phylogeny from Sperling et al. 2009) (OPTIONAL, for information only)

    ==================== Ph CHOANOFLAGELLATA (collar flagellates; Protista)
    |
    |        =========== Hexactinellida (glass sponges; no regular canal system)         ------P
<<==|   =====|                                                                                 O
    |   |    =========== Demospongia (most living sponge species; leucon grade)                R
    =M==|                                                                                      I
        |  ============= Calcarea (calcareous sponges; includes ascon, sycon & leucon grades   F
        ===|                                                                                   E
           |  ========== Homoscleromorpha (coralline sponges; leucon grade)                    R
           ===|                                                                          ------A
              | ======== Placozoa (placozoans, Trichoplax)
  M= METAZOA  ==|
                ======== EUMETAZOA